Efecto de una Pasta Dental Comercial Conteniendo Xilitol Sobre el Recuento de Streptococcus Mutans en Saliva de Gestantes: Ensayo Clínico Controlado Aleatorizado / Effect of a Commercial Toothpaste Containing Xylitol on the Count of Streptococcus Mutans in Saliva of Pregnant Women: Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial

RESUMEN: El objetivo del presente trabajo fue determinar el efecto de una pasta dental comercial conteniendo xilitol sobre el recuento de Streptococcus mutans en saliva de gestantes. El presente fue un ensayo clínico, a doble ciego, que se realizó en el Centro de Salud "José Olaya" (Chiclayo Perú), en enero de 2017. Se trabajó con una población muestral de 50 gestantes en el segundo trimestre que cumplieron con los criterios establecidos, distribuyéndolas en dos grupos: 25 gestantes usaron pasta dental con 10 % de xilitol y 25 gestantes usaron pasta dental sin xilitol. Se les tomó y procesó microbiológicamente una muestra de saliva antes del inicio del estudio y 14 días después del uso de las respectivas pastas. Se realizó el recuento de unidades formadoras de colonias (UFC) de Streptococcus mutans en saliva con una confiabilidad altamente significativa mediante el Coeficiente de Correlación Intraclase, calibración intra e interexaminador (1,000 y 0,999, respectivamente). El análisis de los datos se realizó mediante la prueba U de Mann-Whitney, considerando un nivel de significancia del 5 %. No se encontró diferencia entre las gestantes que emplearon pasta dental con xilitol en comparación con las que utilizaron pasta sin xilitol (p=0,062). Se concluyó que el efecto de la pasta dental comercial conteniendo xilitol es similar a una pasta sin xilitol sobre el recuento de Streptococcus mutans en saliva de gestantes.

ABSTRACT: The objective of the present study was to determine the effect of a commercial toothpaste containing xylitol on the counts of Streptococcus mutans in saliva of pregnant women. The present was a double-blind clinical trial performed at the "José Olaya" health Centre (Chiclayo Peru) in January 2017. We worked with a sample population of 50 pregnant in the second trimester that met the established criteria, distributing in two groups: 25 pregnant women used toothpaste with 10 % xylitol and 25 pregnant used toothpaste without xylitol. They were taken and microbiologically processed a sample of saliva before the start of the study and 14 days after the use of the respective toothpastes. The Colony-forming units (CFU) of Streptococcus mutans in saliva were counted with a highly significant reliability through the intraclass correlation coefficient, Intra-and Interexaminer calibration (1.000 and 0.999, respectively). Data analysis was performed using the Mann-Whitney U test, considering a 5 % significance level. No difference was found among the pregnant women who used xylitol toothpaste compared to those who used toothpaste without xylitol (p = 0,062). It was concluded that the effect of xylitol containing commercial toothpaste is similar to a toothpaste without xylitol on the count of Streptococcus mutans in the saliva of pregnant women.

Efecto Antibacteriano de la Infusión de Orégano ( Origanum vulgare ) sobre el Crecimiento in Vitro de Streptococcus mutans, 2015 / Antibacterial Effect of Oregano Infusion ( Origanum vulgare ) on in Vitro Growth of Streptococcus mutans, 2015

RESUMEN: El Streptococcus mutans es una de las principales bacterias que participa en el desarrollo de la caries dental, una enfermedad de alta prevalencia en la población mundial, y por ende un problema de salud pública. Hoy se intentan buscar alternativas para su prevención, una de ellas es la fitoterapia o uso de plantas medicinales con fines terapéutico beneficiosos para la salud. Evaluar efecto antibacteriano del Origanum vulgare a diferentes concentraciones sobre el crecimiento in vitro de Streptococcus mutans. Se utilizaron cepas bacterianas de Streptococcus mutans previamente aisladas, se realizó una siembra bacteriana en 24 placas Petri con agar mitis salivarius. Se prepararon infusiones de orégano a 8 concentraciones diferentes (1 %, 5 % y 10 %, 20 %, 40 %, 60 %, 80 % y 100 %) y se aplicaron en perforaciones realizadas previamente en las placas de agar (4 perforaciones por placa para las infusiones de orégano y 2 para las placas de controles). Se llevó a incubadora por 48 horas y posteriormente se realizó la medición de los halos de inhibición. Los resultados fueron negativos para las infusiones de orégano al 1 %, 5 % y 10 %, debido a que no presentaron halos de inhibición bacteriana; mientras que para las infusiones al 20 %, 40 %, 60 %, 80 % y 100 % los resultados fueron positivos. El orégano posee efecto antibacteriano sobre el crecimiento de Streptococcus mutans en infusiones sobre el 20 % de concentración, siendo la solución madre preparada a partir de 20 gramos de hojas secas de orégano (Origanum vulgare) y 200 ml de agua destilada hervida. Este efecto es antibacteriano es directamente proporcional a la concentración de la infusión. El orégano podría ser utilizado como una alternativa de colutorio, pasta dental u otros coadyuvantes de higiene bucal para prevenir la aparición de caries.

ABSTRACT: Streptococcus mutans is one of the main bacteria in the development of dental caries, a disease with high prevalence in the world population, and therefore a public health problem. There is current research to find prevention alternatives one of these is the use of medicinal plants for therapeutic purposes beneficial to health. To evaluate the antibacterial effect of Origanum vulgare at different concentrations on in vitro growth of Streptococcus mutans, previously isolated bacterial strains of Streptococcus mutans were used. Bacterial seeding was carried out in 24 petri dishes with agar Mitis salivarius. Oregano infusions were prepared at 8 different concentrations (1 %, 5 % and 10 %, 20 %, 40 %, 60 %, 80 % and 100 %) and applied in predrilled holes in the agar plates (4 perforations per plate for the oregano infusions and 2 for control plates). They were maintained in an incubator for 48 hours and measurement of the inhibition zones was subsequently carried out. The results were negative for infusions of oregano at 1 %, 5 % and 10 %, as they did not present halos of bacterial inhibition; while results were positive for infusions at 20 %, 40 %, 60 %, 80 % and 100 %. Results show that oregano has an antibacterial effect on the growth of Streptococcus mutans in infusion concentrations above 20 %, with the basic solution prepared from 20 g of dried oregano leaves (Origanum vulgare) and 200 ml of boiled distilled water. This antibacterial effect is directly proportional to the concentration of the infusion. Oregano could be used as an alternative mouthwash, toothpaste or other oral hygiene adjuvants to prevent the incidence of caries.

Association between Streptococcus mutanslevels and severity of caries in Ecuadorian schoolchildren aged 6 to 10 years

Dental caries is a multifactorial, infectious and communicable disease, and Streptococcus mutans is the key microorganism related to this pathology. The objective of this study was to evaluate the association between the levels of Streptococcus mutans and caries in schoolchildren. Descriptive, cross-sectional study conducted on 100 schoolchildren aged 6 to 10 years from the Unidad Educativa Checa Cuenca, Ecuador. ICDAS index and odontogram were used to measure the prevalence and severity of caries. For the identification and quantification of Streptococcus mutans, dental plaque samples were used for cultivation and biochemical tests (MicroScan). The results were analyzed statistically using absolute and relative frequencies, for bivariate analysis Chi-squared test and Fisher's Test (p <0.05) were used. 96% of the schoolchildren presented dental caries, 69% of them were children aged 8 to 10 years, the prevalence of caries was higher in females reaching 57%. High (60,000UFC/ml) and very high (70,000UFC/ml) levels of Streptococcus mutans were found on schoolchildren aged 8 to 10 years reaching 22% and 8%, respectively (p =0.005). Regarding sex, high (60,000UFC/ml) as well as very low (0- 20,000UFC/ml) levels of Streptococcus mutans appeared without difference by sex (p = 0.355). Schoolchildren without caries presented a low count of Streptococcus mutans (0 -20,000 UFC/ml), children with caries presented variable levels of Streptococcus mutans, although higher than 20,000UFC/ml (p <0.001). Conclusion: there is a high prevalence of caries in the school population with high levels of Streptococcus mutans.

Antibacterial effect of titanium alloys with copper nanoparticles: in vitro study

Objective: To evaluate the in-vitro antimicrobial effect of Titanium alloys with Copper Nanoparticles (CuNP) against Streptococcus mutans and Phorphyromonas gingivalis. Materials and Methods: An in vitro study was carried out. The unit of analysis corresponded to 10 healing abutments. In 5 abutments Copper nanoparticles (CuNP) electrodeposition was applied. The remaining 5 abutments corresponded to control. The healing abutments were then immersed in culture medium for S. mutans and P. gingivalis for 14 days. Results: The agar plates with CuNP-coated abutments showed a lower growth, statistically significant for both bacterial strains. Conclusion: There is a statistically significant lower growth of S. mutans and P. gingivalis in healing abutments with CuNP.

Presencia de Streptococcus Mutans Genotipo C en niños y adolescentes peruanos con caries / Presence of Streptococcus Mutans Genotype C in Peruvian Children and Adolescents with Caries

RESUMEN La caries es una de las enfermedades de naturaleza infecciosa, crónica transmisible muy prevalente en el Perú, relacionada a la presencia del Streptococcus mutans, los hábitos de higiene y nutricionales. Objetivo: El propósito de este estudio fue determinar la presencia del genotipo C en el Streptococcus mutans en niños y adolescentes peruanos, utilizando la técnica PCR- Multiplex; y su asociación con la prevalencia de caries dental. Material y método: Se trabajó con una muestra de 78 niños y adolescentes de ambos sexos de Lima. El estudio consistió en dos fases, en la primera se obtuvo la saliva estimulada, para el cultivo bacteriano, las mismas que fueron sembradas en agar Mitis Salivarius con bacitracina y sulfisoxasol. En la segunda fase se realizó la genotipificación de acuerdo con su perfil enzimático. Para la extracción de ADN se utilizó el GF-1 Bacterial DNA Extraction Kit de GeneONGmbH para lo cual se realizó cultivos de las cepas de Streptococcus sp en el caldo BHI con sacarosa a 37ºC por 24 horas. Resultados: Se evidencia la presencia de Streptococcus mutans en 75.6%: 59 de 78 muestras de saliva. Los resultados de la genotipificación por PCR Multiplex demuestran la presencia de 22 muestras de saliva de Streptococcus mutans con genotipos C (37,29%) y 37 muestras (62,71%) que no pertenecen a dicho Genotipo. Conclusiones: Los resultados evidenciaron que el Streptococcus mutans genotipo C no está relacionado al sexo, grupo etario ni a la presencia de caries dental.

ABSTRACT Caries is one of the diseases of infectious nature, chronic transmissible very prevalent in Peru, related to the presence of Streptococcus mutans, hygienic and nutritional habits. Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine the presence of genotype C in Streptococcus mutans in Peruvian children and adolescents, using the PCR-Multiplex technique; and its association with the prevalence of dental caries. Materials and methods: The study was done with a sample of 78 children and adolescents of both sexes from Lima. The study consisted of two phases, on the first one the stimulated saliva was obtained, for the bacterial culture, the same ones that were grown on Mitis Salivarius agar with bacitracin and sulfisoxasol. On the second phase, genotyping was carried out according to its enzymatic profile. For the extraction of DNA, the Gene Extraction Kit GG-1 Bacterial DNA was used, for which cultures of Streptococcus sp strains were performed in the BHI broth with sucrose at 37ºC for 24 hours. Results: The presence of Streptococcus mutans was evidenced in 59 (75.6%) of 78 saliva samples. The results of the genotyping by PCR Multiplex demonstrate the presence of 22 saliva samples of Streptococcus mutans with genotypes C (37,297%) and 37 samples 62, 71 % without this Genotype. Conclusions: The results showed that the presence of genotype C is not related to sex, age group or the presence of dental caries.

Presencia de genes de virulencia gtfB y spaP en Streptococcus mutans aislados desde saliva y su relación con el índice COPD y ceod / gtfB and spaP virulence genes in Streptococcus mutans strains and their relationship with the DMFT index

OBJETIVO: El propósito de este estudio fue determinar la presencia de genes de virulencia en cepas de Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) aisladas desde saliva de individuos de diferentes edades y asociarlas con el índice COPD y ceod según corresponda. MATERIAL Y MÉTODO: A partir de un total de 120 individuos de ambos sexos, se conformaron 4 grupos de 30 personas, que se separaron de acuerdo con los siguientes rangos etarios: 3-5, 6-9, 12-15 y mayores de 18 años. A cada individuo se le determinó el índice COPD y ceod según correspondiera y se realizó recuento salival de S. mutans. La detección de los genes de virulencia: gtfB y spaP se realizó por reacción en cadena de la polimerasa convencional. RESULTADOS: Se estableció una asociación positiva entre el recuento bacteriano e índice COPD y ceod. El 100% de las cepas aisladas evidenciaron la presencia del gen gtfB y el 63,6% presentaron el gen spaP. No hubo evidencia estadísticamente significativa que relacionará un alto recuento bacteriano e índice COPD y ceod con la mayor presencia de genes que codifican factores de virulencia en cepas de S. mutans

AIM: The aim of this study was to determine the presence of gtfB and spaP virulence genes in Streptococcus mutans strains isolated from saliva taken from individuals of different ages. MATERIAL AND METHOD: A total of 120 individuals of both sexes were studied. They were assigned to one of 4 groups, with 30 individuals in each one, according to age; 3-5, 6-9, 12-15, and older than 18 years old. DMFT (decayed, missing, and filled teeth) and DMFT indexes were determined in each participant, depending on his/her age. S. mutans microbial counts were performed. The gtfB and spaP virulence genes were detected using conventional PCR. RESULTS: A positive association was found between microbial count and DMFT and DMFT indexes. All the isolated strains demonstrated the presence of gtfB, and 63.6% of the strains had spaP genes. No association was found between high bacterial counts or DMFT and DMFT indexes with the presence of genes that code for virulence factors in S. mutans strains

Recovering Streptococcus mutans over restorations by the tray technique: a randomized clinical study

AIM: To correlate the tray technique for isolation and counting of Streptococcus mutans over dental restoration with the toothpick technique. METHODS: Forty 18-50-year-old patients of both genders with high cariogenic risk were selected. Inclusion criteria were: occlusal restoration evaluated as alpha, according to the Ryge's criteria (examiner' Cohen-Kappa 0.8) and 2 years old maximum age. Each patient provided a saliva sample (control group S) and two samples of dental biofilm from amalgam or resin-based composite restorations in the same patient, one obtained with the toothpick technique (group TT), and the other from homologous tooth restoration with the tray technique (group TR). This method involves only a direct impression on the occlusal surfaces by a section of a fluoride tray with trypticase yeast extract cysteine sucrose with bacitracin (TYCSB) agar previously prepared and solidified. The samples were incubated at 37 ºC for 48 h and the colony-forming units (CFU) were counted. The results were statistically analyzed with SPSS software using the linear regression method at 95% confidence level. RESULTS: TR was able to isolate S. mutans, and there was a significant positive correlation (r=0.95) with TT. There was no significant correlation between TR and control group S (r=0.47). CONCLUSIONS: TR was able to isolate and count S. mutans from the dental biofilm of dental restorations with a significant correlation with the TT group.

Fatores de virulência de Streptococcus mutans e sua relação com a persistência e transmissão de genótipos entre membros de famílias brasileiras / Virulence factors of Streptococcus mutans and its relation to the persistence and transmission of genotypes among Brazilian family members

Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) é considerado o principal agente etiológico da cárie dentária e estudos acerca de sua virulência têm sido realizados com o intuito de compreender melhor os mecanismos de patogenia da doença. Dentre outros fatores, a virulência dessa espécie bacteriana está relacionada a sua habilidade em produzir proteína ligante de glucano tipo A (GbpA) e mutacinas, proteínas que desempenham importante papel na adesão celular e colonização da superfície dentária. Desta forma, o objetivo da presente pesquisa foi analisar, geneticamente, esses fatores de virulência de S. mutans e verificar sua relação com a persistência e transmissão de genótipos entre os membros de oito famílias brasileiras. Foram utilizados 392 isolados clínicos de S. mutans obtidos a partir da saliva de 20 indivíduos adultos cárie-ativos. Os microrganismos foram previamente identificados e genotipados em um estudo anterior que avaliou sua transmissibilidade e estabilidade ao longo do tempo. As amostras estocadas a -86°C foram reativadas por semeadura em diferentes meios de cultura (ágar sangue e ágar Mitis Salivarius Bacitracina Sacarose) e repicadas em caldo de Infusão de Cérebro e Coração. Após extração do DNA cromossômico bacteriano foram realizadas análises genético-moleculares, por meio da reação em cadeia da polimerase, visando a detecção nas amostras dos genes envolvidos na produção de GbpA (gbpA) e codificadores dos tipos I, II, III e IV de mutacinas (mutAI, mutAII, mutAIII e mutAIV). Os dados obtidos foram analisados por meio das estatísticas descritiva e inferencial, utilizando-se os testes de Qui Quadrado, Odds Ratio (OR) e exato de Fisher, a um intervalo de confiança de 95% (IC95%) e nível de significância de 5%. Os genes gbpa, mutAI, mutAII, mutAIII e mutAIV foram detectados, respectivamente, em 77,3%, 12,5%, 51%, 16,6% e 89,8% dos isolados de S. mutans considerados viáveis (N=392). A virulência do S. mutans apresentou associação com sua...

Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) is the main etiologic agent in the development of dental caries and several studies about its virulence have been conducted to understand the mechanisms of disease pathogenesis. Among other factors, the virulence of this bacterial species is based on their ability to produce glucan-binding protein-A (GbpA) and mutacins, proteins that play an important role in cell adhesion and colonization of the dental surface. Thus, the aim of the present study was to analyze, genetically, these virulence factors of S. mutans and to investigate their relation with the persistence and transmission of genotypes among the members from eight Brazilian families. A total of 392 clinical isolates of S. mutans, collected from 20 caries-active adults, were utilized. These microorganisms were previously identified and genotyped in a study that evaluated their transmissibility and stability over time. The samples stored at -86°C were plated on different culture media (blood agar and Mitis Salivarius Sucrose Bacitracin agar) and grown in Brain Heart Infusion broth. After extraction of bacterial chromosomal DNA, the samples were amplified, by the technique of polymerase chain reaction, for the presence of genes coding for GbpA (gbpA) and for mutacins types I, II, III and IV (mutAI, mutAII, mutAIII and mutAIV). Data obtained were analyzed through descriptive and inferential statistics, using the Chi-Square, Odds Ratio (OR) and Fisher's exact tests, with a 95% confidence interval (95%CI) and a significance level of 5%. The gbpa, mutAI, mutAII, mutAIII and mutAIV genes were detected, respectively, in 77.3%, 12.5%, 51%, 16.6% and 89.8% of viable clinical isolates (N=392). The virulence of S. mutans was associated with the transmission (P<0,001) and stability of colonization (P=0.011). The most virulent genotypes showed approximately three times more likely to be transmitted (OR=3.07; 95%CI 2.02 - 4.66) and approximately two times more likely to...

Fatores de virulência de Streptococcus mutans e sua relação com a persistência e transmissão de genótipos entre membros de famílias brasileiras / Virulence factors of Streptococcus mutans and its relation to the persistence and transmission of genotypes among Brazilian family members

Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) é considerado o principal agente etiológico da cárie dentária e estudos acerca de sua virulência têm sido realizados com o intuito de compreender melhor os mecanismos de patogenia da doença. Dentre outros fatores, a virulência dessa espécie bacteriana está relacionada a sua habilidade em produzir proteína ligante de glucano tipo A (GbpA) e mutacinas, proteínas que desempenham importante papel na adesão celular e colonização da superfície dentária. Desta forma, o objetivo da presente pesquisa foi analisar, geneticamente, esses fatores de virulência de S. mutans e verificar sua relação com a persistência e transmissão de genótipos entre os membros de oito famílias brasileiras. Foram utilizados 392 isolados clínicos de S. mutans obtidos a partir da saliva de 20 indivíduos adultos cárie-ativos. Os microrganismos foram previamente identificados e genotipados em um estudo anterior que avaliou sua transmissibilidade e estabilidade ao longo do tempo. As amostras estocadas a -86°C foram reativadas por semeadura em diferentes meios de cultura (ágar sangue e ágar Mitis Salivarius Bacitracina Sacarose) e repicadas em caldo de Infusão de Cérebro e Coração. Após extração do DNA cromossômico bacteriano foram realizadas análises genético-moleculares, por meio da reação em cadeia da polimerase, visando a detecção nas amostras dos genes envolvidos na produção de GbpA (gbpA) e codificadores dos tipos I, II, III e IV de mutacinas (mutAI, mutAII, mutAIII e mutAIV). Os dados obtidos foram analisados por meio das estatísticas descritiva e inferencial, utilizando-se os testes de Qui Quadrado, Odds Ratio (OR) e exato de Fisher, a um intervalo de confiança de 95% (IC95%) e nível de significância de 5%. Os genes gbpa, mutAI, mutAII, mutAIII e mutAIV foram detectados, respectivamente, em 77,3%, 12,5%, 51%, 16,6% e 89,8% dos isolados de S. mutans considerados viáveis (N=392). A virulência do S. mutans apresentou associação com sua...

Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) is the main etiologic agent in the development of dental caries and several studies about its virulence have been conducted to understand the mechanisms of disease pathogenesis. Among other factors, the virulence of this bacterial species is based on their ability to produce glucan-binding protein-A (GbpA) and mutacins, proteins that play an important role in cell adhesion and colonization of the dental surface. Thus, the aim of the present study was to analyze, genetically, these virulence factors of S. mutans and to investigate their relation with the persistence and transmission of genotypes among the members from eight Brazilian families. A total of 392 clinical isolates of S. mutans, collected from 20 caries-active adults, were utilized. These microorganisms were previously identified and genotyped in a study that evaluated their transmissibility and stability over time. The samples stored at -86°C were plated on different culture media (blood agar and Mitis Salivarius Sucrose Bacitracin agar) and grown in Brain Heart Infusion broth. After extraction of bacterial chromosomal DNA, the samples were amplified, by the technique of polymerase chain reaction, for the presence of genes coding for GbpA (gbpA) and for mutacins types I, II, III and IV (mutAI, mutAII, mutAIII and mutAIV). Data obtained were analyzed through descriptive and inferential statistics, using the Chi-Square, Odds Ratio (OR) and Fisher's exact tests, with a 95% confidence interval (95%CI) and a significance level of 5%. The gbpa, mutAI, mutAII, mutAIII and mutAIV genes were detected, respectively, in 77.3%, 12.5%, 51%, 16.6% and 89.8% of viable clinical isolates (N=392). The virulence of S. mutans was associated with the transmission (P<0,001) and stability of colonization (P=0.011). The most virulent genotypes showed approximately three times more likely to be transmitted (OR=3.07; 95%CI 2.02 - 4.66) and approximately two times more likely to...

Turma do escovinha Teens: contra o ataque dos Mutans / Panel of brush Teens: against the attack of mutans

Animação que conta a aventura da turma do escovinha na escola, numa aula sobre saúde bucal. A estória se desenvolve quando, em casa, uma bactéria bucal - o streptococus mutans, invade o computador de um dos meninos e contamina sua rede de amigos. Todos se unem num jogo virtual, para combater e exterminar o mutans. As crianças vão aprender quando foi inventado a escova de dentes e o creme dental e o que acontece quando não cuidamos dos dentes...

Efeito do extrato do romã (Punica granatum) sobre bactérias cariogênicas: estudo in vitro e in vivo / Effect of pomegranate extract (Punica granatum) on cariogenic bacteria: in vitro and in vivo study

Objetivo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito inibitório de extratos de plantas sobre cepas de Streptococcus mutans in vitro e avaliar in vivo o potencial inibitório de dentifrício incorporado com o extrato de maior potencial sobre estreptococos do grupo mutans e sobre o índice de biofilme. Materiais e Métodos: Em meio de cultura inoculado com S. mutans (ATCC25175), depositaram-se extratos etanólicosde 32 plantas. Posteriormente, avaliaram-se os halos de inibição. As capacidades inibitórias foram: Ocimumgratissimum (flor) com 08 mm; Moringa oleífera (folha) 10 mm; Copaífera langsdorffi (folha) 16 mm e Punicagranatum (pericarpo desidratado) com 18 mm. Uma vez que este último extrato apresentou o maior halo de inibição, foi utilizado na fase seguinte. O extrato de romã (Punica granatum) foi incorporado em dentifrício, nas concentrações de 1% e 3% após determinação da concentração inibitória mínima. Estes foram testados em 30 voluntários divididos em 3 grupos (um para cada extrato e um grupo controle). Os voluntários fizeram uso dos dentifrícios durante 08 dias. A atividade antimicrobiana foi avaliada através da determinação do índice de biofilme e contagem de estreptococos do grupo mutans (UFC/ml). Resultados: Houve redução (p < 0,05) no índice de biofilme para o extrato a 3%, porém não houve diferença na contagem de microrganismos (p > 0,05). Conclusão: Conclui-se que a Punica granatum L. foi o extrato que apresentou maior atividade inibitória in vitro contra S. mutans. A formulação do dentifrício mostrou eficiência após oito dias de uso diminuindo significativamente o índice de biofilme, porém, não apresentou redução do número de estreptococos do grupo mutans.

Mutacins of Streptococcus mutans

The colonization and accumulation of Streptococcus mutans are influenced by various factors in the oral cavity, such as nutrition and hygiene conditions of the host, salivary components, cleaning power and salivary flow and characteristics related with microbial virulence factors. Among these virulence factors, the ability to synthesize glucan of adhesion, glucan-binding proteins, lactic acid and bacteriocins could modify the infection process and pathogenesis of this species in the dental biofilm. This review will describe the role of mutacins in transmission, colonization, and/or establishment of S. mutans, the major etiological agent of human dental caries. In addition, we will describe the method for detecting the production of these inhibitory substances in vitro (mutacin typing), classification and diversity of mutacins and the regulatory mechanisms related to its synthesis.

In-vitro evaluation and comparison of the anti-microbial potency of commercially available oral hygiene products against Streptococcus mutans.

Background: Dental caries is the destruction of enamel, dentin, or cementum of teeth due to bacterial activities, which if left untreated can cause considerable pain, discomfort, and treatment costs are very high. Of the oral bacteria, Streptococcus mutans is considered to be causative agent of dental caries in humans. Aim: This study aims at screening the antibacterial potential of available oral hygiene products against S. mutans, the primary etiological agent. Materials and Methods: A selective number of toothpaste and mouth rinse available in the nearby local market was subjected to the study. The experiments were designed in a way to determine which one of these products had the greatest anti-S.mutans activity. Antibiotic sensitivity tests against the pathogenic strains were also conducted. Results and Discussion: Pathogenic strains of S.mutans were isolated from clinical dental specimen and identified using MTCC standard strain No. 890. Of the 86.66% samples which showed positive for S.mutans growth, almost 96% conferred sensitivity to 0.08 mg/ml of penicillin. Among the toothpastes used, A showed the maximum inhibitory activity against S.mutans inhibiting its growth even at a very low concentration of 0.0156 g/ml. Similar results were seen in the case of the mouth rinses used for the study, which showed that N had the most effective activity against S.mutans even at 1:8 dilution. Conclusion: The oral hygiene products containing triclosan proved to be the most effective followed by those containing fluoride. Herbal products showed comparatively lesser activity in inhibiting the growth of S. mutans. Even though there are so many products available to curb the progression of dental caries in the population targeted, there is still an undoubted prevalence and incidence of caries among the general public. The need for a better alternative to help control dental caries is on the rise even today.

Genotypic and phenotypic analysis of S. mutans isolated from dental biofilms formed in vivo under high cariogenic conditions

The oral cavity harbors several Streptococcus mutans genotypes, which could present distinct virulence properties. However, little is known about the diversity and virulence traits of S. mutans genotypes isolated in vivo under controlled conditions of high cariogenic challenge. This study evaluated the genotypic diversity of S. mutans isolated from dental biofilms formed in vivo under sucrose exposure, as well as their acidogenicity and aciduricity. To form biofilms, subjects rinsed their mouths with distilled water or sucrose solution 8 times/day for 3 days. S. mutans collected from saliva and biofilms were genotyped by arbitrarily-primed PCR. Genotypes identified in the biofilms were evaluated regarding their ability to lower the suspension pH through glycolysis and their acid susceptibility and F-ATPase activity. Most subjects harbored only one genotype in saliva, which was detected in almost all biofilm samples at high proportions. Genotypes isolated only in the presence of sucrose had higher acidogenicity than those isolated only in the presence of water. Genotypes from biofilms formed with sucrose were more aciduric after 30 and 60 min of incubation at pH 2.8 and 5.0, respectively. The present results suggest that biofilms formed under high cariogenic conditions may harbor more aciduric and acidogenic S. mutans genotypes.

A cavidade oral apresenta vários genótipos de Streptococcus mutans, que podem possuir diferentes capacidades de virulência. Entretanto, pouco se sabe sobre a diversidade e virulência de genótipos de S. mutans isolados in vivo sob uma condição controlada de alto desafio cariogênico. Este estudo avaliou a diversidade genotípica de S. mutans identificados no biofilme dental formado in vivo na presença de sacarose, assim como a acidogenicidade e aciduricidade desses genótipos. Para possibilitar formação de biofilme, voluntários bochecharam com água destilada ou solução de sacarose 8x/dia durante 3 dias. S. mutans isolados da saliva e do biofilme dental foram genotipados por PCR com primers-arbitrários. Genótipos isolados do biofilme foram avaliados em relação à habilidade de reduzir o pH da suspensão devido à glicólise, em relação à susceptibilidade a ácidos e também atividade F-ATPase. A maioria dos voluntários apresentou apenas 1 genótipo na saliva, que foram detectados em quase todas as amostras de biofilme em altas proporções. Genótipos isolados somente na presença de sacarose apresentaram maior acidogenicidade do que aqueles genótipos isolados apenas na presença de água. Genótipos de biofilmes formados na presença de sacarose foram mais acidúricos após 30 e 60 min de incubação em pH 2,8 e 5,0, respectivamente. Os resultados do presente estudo sugerem que biofilmes formados sob condição de alto desafio cariogênico podem apresentar genótipos de S. mutans mais acidúricos e mais acidogênicos.

La caries dental como urgencia y su asociación con algunos factores de riesgo en niños / Dental caries as urgency and its association with some risk facts in children

Las dolencias producidas por la caries dental y otras afecciones bucales son múltiples, lo que hace al paciente acudir a los servicios de urgencia. El propósito de este trabajo fue evaluar la relación del estreptococo mutans y lactobacilo y algunas variables demográficas con la caries dental en niños, pertenecientes a cinco consultorios del área de Contreras, del municipio de Matanzas, para lo cual se realizó un estudio analítico del tipo de casos y controles. La muestra se obtuvo mediante un diseño muestral probabilístico estratificado polietápico y quedó conformada por 900 niños (300 casos y 600 controles) de 6 a 12 años de edad. Hubo un predominio de niños en las edades de 6 a 8 años, tanto en los casos como en el grupo control, y no se observaron diferencias significativas entre ambos grupos. El sexo femenino prevaleció en los controles, y el masculino, en los casos. Los niños pertenecientes al grupo de casos, tenían un alto grado de infección por estreptococo mutans y lactobacilos, y se demostró asociación positiva de la caries dental con estas variables. Se diseñó una estrategia educativa para evaluar y elevar el nivel de información que sobre esta enfermedad tenían los niños objetos de estudio.

The disorders produced by dental caries and other oral affections are multiple, making the patient assist to the urgency service. The purpose of this work was evaluating the relations among the sreptococcus mutans and lactobacillus and some demographic variables with dental caries in children, registered in five medical consulting rooms of Contreras area, municipality and province of Matanzas, for which we carried out an analytic study of the cases kind and controls. The sample was obtained by means of a polistaged, stratified, probabilistic design, and was formed by 900 6-12 years-old children (300 cases and 600 controls). There was a predominance of 6- 8 years-old children both in the cases group and in the control group, and there were not significant differences between the groups. There was prevalence of female children in controls and of male in cases. Children from the cases group had a high infection level by streptococcus mutans and lactobacillus, and there was stated a positive association of dental caries with these variables. We designed an educative strategy to evaluate and increase the information level studied children had on this disease.

Impacto da adoção de medidas preventivas direcionadas a mães altamente infectadas sobre a saúde bucal do bebê / Impact of preventive mesarures directed to highly infected mothers on their children's oral health

Objetivos: Realizar uma breve revisão da literatura a respeito dos fatores relacionados à transmissibilidade da cárie dental e o impacto da adoção de medidas preventivas por mães altamente infectadas, sobre a colonização da cavidade bucal de seus filhos por microrganismos cariogênicos. Fontes pesquisadas: Livre escolha de artigos pertinentes da literatura relacionados à microbiota e à transmissibilidade da cárie dental. Síntese dos dados: As vias de transmissibilidade de Streptococcus mutans, os principais microrganismos causadores da cárie dental, são extensivamente estudadas e as mães são consideradas as principais responsáveis pela transmissão de microrganismos cariogênicos aos seus filhos. A possibilidade de interromper essa cadeia de transmissão de microrganismos por meio da utilização de medidas preventivas direcionadas às mães é um avanço na prevenção à cárie dental...

Objectives: To carry out a brief literature review regarding the factors related to the transmissibility of dental caries and the impact of the adoption of preventive measures directed to mothers highly infected on their children mouth contamination by cariogenic microorganisms. Data Source: Free choice of pertinent literature articles regarding to dental caries-related microorganisms and disease trans-mission. Data Synthesis: Transmissibility of Streptococcus mutans, the most important caries initiator microorganism, is extensively studied and mothers are considered the main responsible for cariogenic bacteria transmission to their children. The possibility of interrupting this chain of caries-related microorganism transmission by means of preventive measures directed to mothers is an advance in dental caries prevention...

Eficacia del gluconato de clorhexidina al 0.12 % ante la flora microbiana prevalente en nuestro medio / Efficacy of chlorhexidine gluconate 0.12 % to the microbial flora prevalent in our environment

En la lucha contra la placa bacteriana responsable de las dos enfermedades prevalentes de la cavidad bucal (caries y enfermedad periodontal) se han utilizado numerosas sustancias, entre ellas el gluconato de clorhexidina, a diferentes concentraciones, que hoy en día se supone es el agente más eficaz utilizable. En nuestro mercado se emplea la concentración del 0,12% que según numerosos estudios presenta menos efectos colaterales con la misma eficacia de las concentraciones mayores. Para comprobar dicha eficacia ante las bacterias presentes en la cavidad bucal de individuos residentes en nuestro medio hemos realizado estudios de la sensibilidad, difusibilidad y actividad de la sustancia mencionada, los cuales fueron realizados en placas y en medio líquido en condiciones normales y en anaerobiosis. El trabajo realizado demuestra que el producto es recomendable dado el gran número de bacterias de la flora microbiana normal de la boca que son sensibles a moderadamente sensibles, especialmente en lo que guarda relación a las dos más citadas en la bibliografía como causantes de caries, Streptococcus mutans y Lactobacillus.

Genetic polymorphism of Streptococcus mutans strains associated with incomplete caries removal

Aim: Despite the antibacterial properties of dental materials, the survival of residual bacteria under restorations has been demonstrated after incomplete caries removal. The aim of this study was to evaluate the genetic polymorphism of Streptococcus mutans strains isolated from deep dentinal lesions before and three months after incomplete caries removal. Methods: Samples of carious dentin were collected from 33 primary and/or permanent molars before and after indirect pulp treatment and processed for microbiological isolation of mutans streptococci (MS). After three months of the dental treatment, positive cultures for MS were detected in only ten of these teeth. DNA of MS isolates were obtained and subjected to polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for identification of S mutans. The arbitrary primed-PCR method (primer OPA-13) was used to detect the genetic polymorphism of S. mutans strains. Results: Identical or highly related S. mutans genotypes were observed in each tooth, regardless of the collect. Considering each tooth separately, a maximum of nine genotypic patterns were found in each tooth from all the collects. In addition, at least one genotypic pattern was repeated in the three collects. Genetic diversity was observed among the S. mutans isolates, obtained from different teeth after three months of the dental treatment. Conclusions: The persistence of identical genotypic patterns and the genetic similarity among the isolates, from the same tooth in distinct collects, showed the resistance of some S. mutans strains after incomplete caries removal treatment.

Aspectos microbiológicos, histopatológicos e clínicos da cárie radicular / Microbiology, histopathology and clinical aspects of human root caries

O avanço científico da Odontologia e um maior acesso ao tratamento odontológico fizeram com que o número de pacientes com idade avançada, ainda portadores de dentições naturais, aumentasse. Assim, aumentou também a quantidade de superfícies radiculares expostas, seja por processos fisiológicos, patológicos ou terapêuticos, tornando estas superfícies mais susceptíveis e vulneráveis ao processo de cárie. Este estudo teve como objetivo revisar as características microbiológicas, histopatológicas e clínicas das lesões de cárie radicular. Os estudos revisados apontaram que, dentre os fatores etiológicos dessa patologia, destaca-se a ação do Streptococcus mutans. Contudo, o microrganismo não é o único responsável pelo aparecimento das lesões. A falta de higiene oral, assim como a presença de dieta rica em carboidratos fermentáveis contribui para o desenvolvimento e progressão das cáries de raiz. O tratamento destas lesões é realizado de acordo com a severidade destas, variando desde aplicação de flúor em cáries incipientes, até em restaurações estéticas nos casos mais avançados. Novos estudos, clínicos e laboratoriais, são necessários para se avaliar a longevidade dos tratamentos propostos, principalmente o restaurador.

This study reviewed the microbiological, histopathological and clinical aspects of root caries. Dental caries is one of the most significant health problems facing older adults. More than half of the elderly who are dentate are affected with either coronal or root caries, and caries is the primary cause of tooth loss in this population. However, age per se is not considered to be the main reason for caries development on root surfaces. The same main factors as for coronal caries, ie, cariogenic microorganisms, diet and saliva seem to play important roles in root caries development. Due to different anatomy, histology, and chemical composition of the tissues, there may be a higher risk of caries development on root surfaces than on coronal surfaces. In treatment of root surface caries, a causative treatment strategy should be determined. Prevention should focus on oral hygiene, fluoride exposure, and restriction of intake frequency of foods containing sugars or other easily fermentable carbohydrates. When a more invasive treatment is necessary, caries are removed and the cavities are restored with glass ionomer cement or with flowable composites, where aesthetics procedures become indispensable. New materials and techniques are emerging to help with geriatric preventive and restorative needs.

Evaluation of genotypic diversity of Streptococcus mutans using distinct arbitrary primers

Streptococcus mutans has been considered one of the main etiological agents of dental caries and the genotypic diversity rather than its salivary counts may be considered as a virulence factor of this bacterium. For genotyping with polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with arbitrary primers, several primers have been used in order to improve complexity and specificity of amplicon patterns. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the degree of agreement of genotypic identification among AP-PCR reactions performed with 5 distinct arbitrary primers of S. mutans isolated from saliva. Stimulated saliva was collected from 11 adult volunteers for isolation of S. mutans, and a total of 88 isolates were genotyped with arbitrary primers OPA 02, 03, 05, 13 and 18. Fourteen distinct genotypes were identified in the saliva samples. Most volunteers (9 out of 11) presented only one genotype. The results of the present study suggest that primers OPA 02, 03, 05 and 13 were suitable for genotypic identification of S. mutans isolates of saliva from adult volunteers.